Villagers in a community-based monitoring group in Myanmar's Natmataung National Park collect information on natural resources, discuss changes in their status, and agree on solutions to problems relating to the resources. The villagers monitor fauna and flora species of key importance to them, as well as nontimber forest products, wildfires, water in streams, and access by different people to areas regarded as customary village territories. Led by the nongovernmental organization Spectrum, this program uses villagers’ expert knowledge of their environment to encourage biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Villager-led monitoring can enable a constructive dialogue between government staff and villagers and, at the same time, help adapt the management of the land to the realities on the ground. In a Special Section in BioScience, several articles discuss challenges to and opportunities for bottom-up approaches to natural resource monitoring.