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1. Understanding Global Change
Charles Victor Barber, Bret Bergst, Anthony C. Janetos, Sara Scherr and Robert M. Wolcott |
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1.1 Introduction |
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1.2 The nature of global change |
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1.3 The world humanity made: Global socio-economic change |
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1.3.1 Human population growth and dynamics
1.3.2 Economic growth, trade and consumption
1.3.3 Poverty and inequality |
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1.4 The Earth transformed: Global biophysical change |
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1.4.1 Climate change
1.4.2 Conversion and fragmentation of natural habitats
1.4.3 Hydrological change
1.4.4 Invasive alien species
1.4.5 Biodiversity loss |
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1.5 Global institutional change |
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1.5.1 Changing global norms
1.5.2 Global trends in governance and institutions
1.5.3 Globalization of communications, knowledge and culture
1.6 What’s a protected area manager to do? |
2. Designing protected area systems for a changing world
Charles Victor Barber |
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2.1 Introduction |
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2.2 The current status of protected areas |
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2.2.1 The global extent of protected areas
2.2.2 Threats to protected areas |
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2.3 What should protected areas protect? The science and politics of global
conservation priority setting |
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2.3.1 The evolution of conservation targets
2.3.2 The emerging global consensus on priority conservation targets
2.3.3 Methods for setting geographic conservation priorities at the global level
2.3.4 The politics of global conservation priority setting |
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2.4 Protected area priority setting and system planning at the national level |
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2.4.1 Slowing biodiversity loss: The promise of systematic conservation planning
2.4.2 Building climate change adaptation into protected area systems
2.4.3 Responding to landscape fragmentation
2.4.4 Protected areas and freshwater ecosystems
2.4.5 Combating invasive alien species in protected areas |
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2.5 Summary |
3. Parks and people in a world of changes: Governance, participation and equity
Charles Victor Barber |
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3.1 The growing importance of equitable community-based approaches |
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3.1.1 Community-based management in ascendance
3.1.2 Understanding equity in the protected area context
3.1.3 The special case of indigenous peoples
3.1.4 The limits of community-based protected area management |
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3.2 Protected area governance: Towards quality and diversity |
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3.2.1 What is good protected area governance?
3.2.2 Varieties of protected area governance
3.2.3 Property rights and protected areas: The importance of tenure |
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3.3 Participation: Recognizing and reconciling divergent interests |
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3.3.1 Defining participation in the protected area context
3.3.2 Identifying and differentiating “stakeholders”
3.3.3 Facilitating participation |
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3.4 Sharing protected area costs and benefits: Substantive equity |
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3.4.1 Minimizing and equitably sharing the costs of protected areas
3.4.2 Sharing protected area benefits
3.4.3 “Pro-poor conservation”? |
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3.5 Summary |
4. Building capacity to manage protected areas in an era of global change
Julia Carabias Lillo, Melissa Boness, Javier De la Maza and Rosaura Cadena Gonzalez |
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4.1 Introduction |
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4.1.1 What is “capacity”?
4.1.2 Adaptive management |
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4.2 Building a supportive policy and legal framework |
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4.2.1 Policy frameworks for protected areas
4.2.2 Protected area legislation
4.2.3 Enforcement |
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4.3 Strengthening institutional capacity |
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4.3.1 Institutional structures
4.3.2 Management planning
4.3.3 Monitoring and research for adaptive management
4.3.4 Partnerships |
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4.4 Human resources: Strengthening individual skills and capacities |
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4.5 Achieving sufficient and sustainable financing |
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4.6 Strengthening communication, education and public awareness |
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4.7 Putting it all together: Minimum standards for protected area management |
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4.7.1 General standards for national systems of protected areas
4.7.2 Standards for individual protected areas |
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4.8 Summary |
5. Evaluating the effectiveness of protected area management : the challenge of change
Fiona Leverington and Marc Hockings |
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5.1 How do we manage effectively? |
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5.1.1 The challenge of change
5.1.2 What is “management effectiveness evaluation” and why is it important?
5.1.3 Evolution of management effectiveness evaluation
5.1.4 Evaluation and global change |
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5.2 What can management effectiveness evaluation achieve? |
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5.2.1 Better management in a changing environment
5.2.2 Effective resource allocation
5.2.3 Accountability and transparency
5.2.4 Community involvement, constituency building and protected area values |
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5.3 Guidelines for evaluation of management effectiveness: What have we learned? |
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5.3.1 Good communication, team-building and stakeholder involvement are
essential
5.3.2 Evaluation is part of an effective management cycle
5.3.3 Use an accepted framework for evaluation: The WCPA framework
5.3.4 Evaluation works best with a clear plan
5.3.5 Clear purpose, scope and objectives are needed
5.3.6 The methodology needs to suit the purpose
5.3.7 Ensuring that evaluations have an impact |
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5.4 Summary |
| References |
