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"LINKAGES
IN THE LANDSCAPE/SEASCAPE"
WORKSHOP
STREAM 1
Linkages
between protected areas and surrounding landuses
Abstract of the WPC Stream Linkages in the Landscape and Seascape
Stream
leader: Peter Bridgewater
Protected
areas are often seen as "hermetically sealed bubbles" or "islands
of conservation in an ocean of destruction". But unless protected
areas are part of well-managed landscapes/seascapes, there will
be nothing to protect. Protected areas cannot be "untouchable
islands", isolated from the rest of the world. Like every
other part of the biosphere, protected areas, as part of a global
matrix, depend on a wide variety of factors for their survival.
It would be archaic to think that a National Park won't be affected
by impacts in its surrounding landscape, and vice versa. Today
few of the Earth's ecosystems are effectively managed or maintained.
Global fisheries are depleted, forests undervalued and clear-cut,
soils eroded, biodiversity threatened and vital ecosystem processes
disrupted. Protected areas have an important role to play in buffering
these destructive processes. Although they are cornerstone of biodiversity
conservation efforts, they are insufficient in scale and number
in either the land or sea to significantly influence landscape/seascape
management outside their boundaries. Networks and linkages are
vehicles for benefits of protected areas to be provided beyond
park boundaries. Protected areas need to be connected or reconnected
to the surrounding landscape. Only by placing them in a landscape
context can we meet conservation goals, and ensure effective land,
water and marine ecosystem planning. Understanding linkages in
the landscape is not just about good ecological science; such science
must be coupled with an understanding that cultural and biological
diversity are inextricably linked.
To
help park managers around the world achieve this outcome, the
WPC Stream on Linkages in the Landscape and Seascape looked at
five key elements of linkages to and from protected areas - ecological,
economic, institutional, cultural, as well as the effectiveness
of these linkages in benefiting protected areas. Through seven
in-depth sessions, participants helped develop a 'recipe book'
on integrating linkages in land use planning, and techniques to
ensure that these linkages support protected areas designation,
human needs and maintenance of ecological services. These areas,
where conservation and sustainable development go hand in hand,
enjoy increasing interest and recognition, widening the 'traditional'
vision of protected areas. They are classified as Category V: Protected
Landscapes / Seascapes by IUCN and have unequal distribution worldwide,
with the largest share found in Europe, where they account for
about two thirds of the protected area estate. In this International
Year of Freshwater, one session also dealt with integrated catchment
and coastal management, and explored how the Ramsar Convention
on Wetlands of International Importance is helping link science
and policy. One session also looked at the 'international game
board' - identifying key players in the field of building linkages,
and exploring the role of international conventions and agreements
in this arena.
Another
key topic on the workshop stream agenda was human-wildlife
conflict, where case studies from countries as diverse as Kenya,
Sri Lanka and Brazil were presented. These case studies will feed
into the discussion on human interactions in the landscape. In
previous decades, and at previous World Parks Congresses, the creation
of protected areas was often justified on aesthetic grounds alone,
or with only the addition of specific conservation objectives.
But now scientific, economic, and cultural rationales are used
as well. In the future, as natural resources are becoming evermore
scarce, it is likely that protected areas will be established solely
for their importance to water quantity and quality. Fifty years
ago protected areas were almost only a national responsibility;
now they are seen as a concern at all levels, from local to international.
Internationally, Ramsar sites, Biosphere Reserves, and UNESCO World
Heritage Sites are key examples. The workshop stream showcased
Transboundary Biosphere Reserves as examples of best practice in
protected areas straddling national borders. Protected areas in
the next ten years will look very different; in addition to government-run
protected areas, there will be more innovation as civil society
and private enterprise play their role. As the concept of linkages
settles in our psyche, our perceptions of protected areas will
change: when thinking of these areas in the future we will be also
thinking about the landscape surrounding and supporting them.
The
stream was organized through two plenary sessions on the first morning and the last
afternoon. On the afternoon of the first day,
participants split into three panel sessions, after being presented
a general "plenary" presentation on "Linkages in
Practice". On day two and morning of day three, participants
were given the opportunity to analyze "in depth" the
key issues relevant to the linkages concept through seven concurrent
breakout sessions.
Full
report - Word Document - 160KB
Linkages
in the Landscape / Seascape Brief - PDF Document
More information in the IUCN-CEM website - http://www.iucn.org/themes/cem
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Output
of the Linkages Workshop - The Durban Link
Strengthening Protected Areas: Ten Target Areas for Action in the Next Decade
It became clear during IUCN's Vth World Parks Congress in Durban
that the key to linkages is that parks exist not as unique islands,
but as places in a matrix.
An effective system of protected areas is essential for conserving biodiversity
but is not efficient: protected areas need to be planned and managed as an integral
part of the global bio-cultural matrix. Protected areas both need, and can provide
for, ecological, cultural and social resilience. They are indeed the "resilience
parachutes" of the world, concentrates of biological and cultural diversity.
In THE DURBAN
LINK ten target areas for action
to strengthen protected areas are listed that were recognised
by IUCN's Vth World Parks Congress. These ten
target areas for action are essential steps for achieving more sustainable
protected areas - while solving other pressing social and environmental
issues.
THE DURBAN LINK has been launched by Peter Bridgewater, Secretary
General of the Ramsar Convention, at the 25 years celebration of
the Tri-lateral
Wadden Sea Cooperation on 22 October 2003 in Willemshafen,
Germany. For this occasion THE DURBAN LINK has been translated into the official languages of the countries involved: Dutch, German
and Danish.
THE DURBAN LINK:
 English
version - PDF Document - 600KB
French
version - PDF Document - 600KB
Spanish
version - PDF Document - 2MB
Dutch
version - PDF Document - 600KB
German
version - PDF Document - 600KB
Danish
version - PDF Document - 600KB
Catalan
version - PDF Document - 2MB
Peter Bridgewater's speech for the Wadden Sea
Word Document - 59KB
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Stream
Focus
Stream examined ecological and socio-cultural linkages at different
scales. It investigated the application of the ecosystem approach
to protected areas (PAs) and the new governance mechanisms necessary
to achieve this.Special focus on:
- linkages for marine
PAs;
- integrated coastal
management;
- bioregional approaches;
- transboundary conservation.
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Programme
Linkages in the Landscape
& Seascape
Leads: Peter Bridgewater, Secretary General of the Ramsar
Convention
Programme
Overview // Programme
Detailed - PDF Document
Thursday
11 // Friday 12 // Saturday
13
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Time
// Place
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Plenary
Introductory speech: Hilary
Masundire, Chair, IUCN Commission
on Ecosystem Management
Chair: Hermelindo
Castro, Director General,
RENP, Andalucia
Five presentations on key aspects of Linkages:
-
Ecological aspects:
M.A. Sanjayan, The
Nature Conservancy
- Institutional
aspects: Marshall
Murphree, Zimbabwe
- Cultural aspects: Driss Fassi. Chair,
UNESCO-MAB International Council
- Economic
aspects: Eugenio
Figueroa, Universities of Santiago/Alberta
- A donor perspective: Thora Amend & Rolf Mack,
GTZ
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14:00-17:30
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Simultaneous
panel discussions
Three simultaneous panel discussions:
- Adaptive
response for nature conservation to climate change -
ROOM
3A-1 // Brett
Orlando, IUCN
// Agenda
- Linkages
design and restoration - ROOM
3A-2 // David
Lamb, CEM
Theme Leader on Ecosystem Restoration // Agenda
- Community
conservation issues - ROOM
3A-3 // Jessica
Brown, QLF/Atlantic
Center for the Environment, USA and Maryam-Niamir
Fuller, Senior Technical Advisor on Land Degradation, UNDP
// Agenda
One global presentation:
- Linkages in practice - HALL
1A // Graham Bennett,
The Netherlands, expert centre for the conservation and sustainable
use of natural resources |
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Book
launch
"Linkages in the landscape - The role of corridors and
connectivity in wildlife conservation"
Launch of a congress reprint of Linkages in the Landscape by
Andrew Bennett. |
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09:00-12:30
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Event
leaves (workgroups)
Concurrent work groups will discuss the following aspects of
linkages:
a) Planning
the linkages in the landscape - ROOM
3A-1 // Kathy
McKinnon, World
Bank
How can we integrate linkages in land use planning, and
how can linkages better fit Protected Areas designations, human
needs and ecosystems services? What is the role of the private
sector in this and how can they help establish or maintain linkages?
// Agenda
b) Protecting
landscape and seascape: IUCN Categories V, World Heritage Cultural
Landscape and other designations - ROOM
3A-2 // Jessica Brown,
QLF/Atlantic Center
for the Environmen, Maine, USA. // Agenda
How will linkages affect the IUCN Protected Areas categories?
(especially categories V and VI, including considerations of
World Heritage Cultural Landscapes).
c) The
fresh water issue - ROOM
3A-3 // Bill
Phillips, Mainstream Consulting, Australia // Agenda
How can we link marine, coastal freshwater and terrestrial protected
areas and landscape/seascape management policies?
In this International Year of Freshwater, the session will deal
with integrated catchment management, integrated coastal management
and with scientific issues of special relevance to freshwater
and marine ecosystems.
More information: http://www.mainstream.com.au/WaterProgram.htm
d) Benefits
of MPA networks for fisheries & endangered species: experiences
& innovation in scaling up to build networks - ROOM
2FE-1 // Ghislane Llewellyn (U.K.), Hugh Logan (New
Zealand) // Agenda
e) The
international game board - HALL
1A // Jane Robertson,
UNESCO
// Agenda
What key players can be identified in the field of building
and supporting linkages in the land and seascape? More specifically:
what role does international conventions and agreements play
in this arena?
f) Creating
coexistence between humans and wildlife - ROOM
3A-5 // Francine
Madden, Terralingua
// Agenda
How do human interactions in the landscape influence linkages?
This session will deal with human-wildlife conflicts, the existing
tools to manage them and the experience gained in this domain.
g) Integrating
biodiversity conservation and mining to land use planning and
management strategies - ROOM
3A-4 // Scott
Houston,
ICMM // Agenda
How can the private sector help in managing landscape. A special
overview of the IUCN/ICMM Joint Programme |
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14:00-17:30
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Event
leaves (continuing…)
Second part of the event leaves started in the morning:
a) Planning the linkages in the landscape - ROOM
3A-1 // Kathy McKinnon, World
Bank
b) Protecting landscape and seascape: IUCN Categories V,
World Heritage Cultural Landscape and other designations
- ROOM
3A-2 // Jessica Brown, Atlantic Centre, Maine, USA.
c) The fresh water issue - ROOM
3A-3 // Bill Phillips, Mainstream consulting, Australia
d) The international game board - HALL
1A // Jane Robertson, UNESCO
- Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife -
ROOM
3A-5 // Francine Madden, Terralingua
e) Integrating biodiversity conservation and mining to land
use planning and management strategies - ROOM
3A-4 // Scott Houston,
ICMM |
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09:00-12:30
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Event
leaves (workgroups)
Six concurrents groups will discuss the main issues of linkages:
a) Planning the linkages in the landscape - ROOM
3A-1 // Kathy McKinnon, World
Bank
b) Protecting landscape and seascape: IUCN Categories V,
World Heritage Cultural Landscape and other designations
- ROOM
3A-2 // Jessica Brown, Atlantic Centre, Maine, USA.
c) The fresh water issue - ROOM
3A-3 // Bill Phillips, Mainstream consulting, Australia
d) The international game board - HALL
1A // Jane Robertson, UNESCO
e) Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife - ROOM
3A-5 // Francine Madden, Terralingua
f) Implementing MPA networks to sustain the world's large marine
ecosystems - ROOM
3A-4 // Kenneth Sherman (USA) |
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Wrap-up
plenary
Chair: Peter Bridgewater
Final plenary in which the conclusions from the different workgroups
will be synthesized. A final reference document will be agreed
for the whole stream, as well as the text of the recommendations
to be included in the Durban accord. Specific statements, inter
alia, on cultural issues, freshwater issues, the role of the
private sector in parks and protected areas may be developed
during this session. |
The "linkages" stream is a partnership between
IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas, IUCN's
Commission on Ecosystem Management, Ramsar
Convention on Wetlands, UNESCO-MaB,
WWF, Wildlife
Conservation Society, The
Nature Conservancy and the US
Fish and Wildlife Service.
More
detailed information in the linkage's workshop Website:
http://www.iucn.org/themes/cem/linkages.htm
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Documents
Abstract
of the WPC Stream Linkages in the Landscape and Seascape // Full report
Word document - 173KB
Reprint of Andrew Bennett's book 'Linkages
in the Landscape: The role of Corridors and Connnectivity in Wildlife
Conservation'
Link
to CEM Website // Link to IUCN Bookstore
Reloading the matrix - WPC Linkages
Stream presentation by Peter Bridgewater
Online
Presentation - 7MB
Linkages in practice:
a review of their conservation
value - WPC Presentation of Graham Bennett
Online
Presentation - 5MB
Programme of the WPC Linkages
Stream: General
Overview // Detailed
Overview
Word Document -
120KB // 309 KB
Programme of
the Workshop Stream 1: Linkages
in the Landscape and Seascape -
PDF Document - 122KB
Agenda of the Joint Panel in Streams 1 & 3: The
Role of Communities in sustaining Linkages in the Landscape and
Seascape,
(Thursday 11 September 2003) - PDF Document - 104KB
Agenda of the subtheme of the Stream 1 Workshop: Protecting
Landscapes & Seascapes - IUCN Category V, world Heritage Cultural
Landscape and Other Designations,
(Thursday 11 September 2003)
- PDF Document - 118KB
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Short
courses related to this stream :
The linkages stream
has its own website for more information click
here
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Seven
Workshop Streams will be conducted over 3 days in
workshop plenaries and smaller break out groups. Three important
areas have also been identified which cut across the 7 workshop
streams. The Cross Cutting
Themes will be expected to produce specific Congress
outputs. Congress participants who have a special interest
in these themes may follow an interest thread throughout the
programme.There is also a workshop
on Mountains which will be held before the Congress.
Back
to the Workshop main page
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