References and suggestions for further reading

The books, reports, manuals, articles and journals listed below were helpful in the writing of this handbook.

Note: Documents with a three-letter key following the reference are particularly valuable resources for the following: methods and tools for participatory action research: # PAR primary environmental care: # PEC population and the environment: # P&E

Aaker, J. and J. Shumaker, Looking Back and Looking Forward: A Participatory Approach to Evaluation, Heifer Project International, Little Rock (Arkansas), 1994.# PAR

Adedeji, A., The African Development Problématique, UN Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, 1985.

Agarwal, A. and S. Narain, Towards Green Villages, a Strategy for Environmentally-sound and Participatory Development, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, 1989. # PEC

Aguilar, L., Ayales, I. and G. Rodríguez, Género y Figura No Son Hasta La Sepultura: Guía para la Construcción de Relaciones de Equidad en Iniciativas de Desarrollo Sostenible, IUCN, Moravia (Costa Rica), 1995.

Argyris, C., Putnam, R. and D. McLain Smith, Action Science, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, 1990.

Ascher, W., Communities and Sustainable Forestry in Developing Countries, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, 1995.

Banuri, T. and F. Amalric, Population, Environment and De-responsibilisation: Case Studies from the Rural Areas of Pakistan, Sustainable Development Policy Institute Working Paper WP/POP/1992/1, Islamabad (Pakistan), 1992. # P&E

Bergdall, T.D., Methods for Active Participation: Experiences in Rural Development from East and Central Africa, Oxford Press, Oxford (UK), 1993. # PAR

Binns, T. (ed.), People and Environment in Africa, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester (UK), 1995.

Bongaarts, J., "Malnutrition and fertility. Reply to Rose Frisch", Science, 215: 1273-74, 1982.

Bongaarts, J., Population Growth and the Food Supply: Conflicting Perspectives, Working Papers n.53, The Population Council Research Division, New York, 1993.

Borrini, G. (ed.), Lessons Learned in Community Based Environmental Management: Proceedings of the 1990 Primary Environmental Care Workshop, ICHM, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 1991. # PEC

Borrini, G., Environment and "Health as a Sustainable State", International Course for Primary Health Care Managers at District Level in Developing Countries (ICHM), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 1992. # PEC

Borrini-Feyerabend, G., "Promoting Health as a Sustainable State", Medicine and Global Survival, Part 1, Vol. 2, No. 3: 162-75, and Part 2, Vol. 2, No. 4: 227-34, 1995. . # PEC P&E

Borrini-Feyerabend, G., Collaborative Management of Protected Areas: Tailoring the Approach to the Context, IUCN, Gland (Switzerland), 1996.

Borrini-Feyerabend, G. with D. Buchan (eds.), Beyond Fences: Seeking Social Sustainability in Conservation, IUCN, Gland (Switzerland), 1997. # PAR

Boserup, E., The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure, Allen and Unwin, London, 1965. # P&E

Boserup, E., Population and Technological Change: A Study of Long Term Trends, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1981. # P&E

Brookfield, H., "The Numbers Crunch", The UNESCO Courier, January: 25-9, 1992. P&E

Bruffee, K., Collaborative Learning: Higher Education, Interdependence, and the Authority of Knowledge, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore (MD), 1993.

Caldwell, J.C., Theory of Fertility Decline, Academy Press, New York, 1989.

Caldwell, J.C., "Health transition: the cultural, social and behavioral determinants of health in the Third World", Social Science and Medicine, 36, 2: 125-35, 1993.

Cernea, M. (ed.), Putting People First: Sociological Variables in Rural Development, Oxford University Press, London and New York, 1991.

Cernea, M., The Building Blocs of Participation: Testing Bottom-up Planning, World Bank Discussion Papers, The World Bank, Washington DC, 1992.

Chambers, R., Rural Development: Putting the Last First, Longman, London, 1983. PAR

Chambers, R., Rural Appraisal: Rapid, Relaxed and Participatory, Discussion Paper 311, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton (UK) and IIED, London, 1992. # PAR

CNP-CIPA, Población y Colonización en la Alta Amazonía Peruana, Consejo Nacional de Población - Centro de Investigación y Promoción Amazónica, Lima, 1984.

Daily, G.C. and P. Ehrlich, "Socioeconomic equity, sustainability, and earth's carrying capacity" in Ecological Applications, 6:4, pp 991-1001, Ecological Society of America, 1996.

Davidson, J. and D. Myers, No Time to Waste: Poverty and the Global Environment, Oxfam, Oxford (UK), 1992.

Davis-Case, D., Community Forestry: Participatory Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation, Community Forestry Note 2, Forests, Trees and People Project, FAO, Rome, 1989. # PAR

Davis-Case, D., The Community's Toolbox. The Idea, Methods and Tools for Participatory Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation in Community Forestry, Community Forestry Field Manual n.2, Forests, Trees and People Project, FAO, Rome, 1990. # PAR

de Colombani, P., Irshaid, M. and C.M. Meira de Melo, Integrating Primary Health Care and Primary Environmental Care in the Health District of Pau da Lima (Salvador de Bahia, Brazil), ICHM, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 1990. . PEC PAR

de Sherbinin, A., Population and Consumption Issues for Environmentalists, a literature search and bibliography prepared by the Population Reference Bureau for the Pew Charitable Trusts' Global Stewardship Initiative, Washington DC, 1993. # P&E

Devereux, A., A Study of Abortion in Primitive Societies, (revised edition), New York, International Universities Press, 1976.

Diamé, F., Diop, S., Ellsworth, L. and D. Thieba, Comment Mener un Atelier d'Initiation en Diagnostic Participatif: Manuel de l'Animateur, Programme de Recherche-Appui des Associations Paysannes, Innovation et Réseaux pour le Développement, Dakar, 1992.

Dickemann, M., "Concepts and classification in the study of human infanticide", in Hausfater, G. and S. Hardy (eds.), Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives, 427-37, Aldine, New York, 1984.

Dobyns, H.F., "An outline of Andean epidemic history to 1720", Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 37: 493-515, 1963.

Dompka, V. (ed.), Human Population, Biodiversity and Protected Areas: Science and Policy Issues, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington DC, 1996. # P&E

Ehrlich, A., "Implications of population pressure on agriculture and ecosystems" in Advances in Botanical Research, Vol. 21, pp 79-104, Academic Press Ltd, New York, 1995.

Engelman, R. and P. LeRoy, Sustaining Water: Population and the Future of Renewable Water Supplies, Population Action International, Washington DC, 1993. # P&E

Engelman, R. and P. LeRoy, Conserving Land: Population and Sustainable Food Production, Population Action International, Washington DC, 1995. # P&E

Fals-Borda, O. and M.A. Rahman, Action and Knowledge: Breaking the Monopoly with Participatory Action-Research, Intermediate Technology Publications, London and Apex Press, New York, 1991. PAR

FAO Forestry Department, Monitoring and Evaluation of Participatory Forestry Projects, FAO Forestry Paper 60, FAO, Rome, 1985.

FAO, Population and Rural Resources, with Special Emphasis on Rural Renewable Energy, FAO, Jamaica, 1986.

FAO, L'Approche Gestion de Terroirs, Documents de formation pour la Planification Agricole 32, FAO, Service de Formation de la Division de l'analyse des politiques, Rome, 1993.

Fé d'Ostiani, L. and P. Warren (eds.), Steps Towards a Participatory and Integrated Approach to Watershed Management, FAO, Tunis, 1996. . # PEC PAR

Feldstein, H., and J. Jiggins (eds.), Tools for the Field: Methodology Handbook for Gender Analysis in Agriculture, Kumarian Press, West Hartford, 1994. # PAR

Foote-Whyte, W. (ed.), Participatory Action Research, Sage Publications, Newbury Park-London-New Delhi, 1991. # PAR

Fuglesang, A., About Understanding - Ideas and Observations on Cross-cultural Communication, Dag Hammaskjold Foundation, Uppsala (Sweden), 1982.

Fundación Pro-Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Estrategia de Conservación de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Bogota, Colombia, 1997

Gajanayake, S. and J. Gajanayake, Community Empowerment: A Participatory Training Manual on Community Project Development, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb (Illinois), 1993. # PAR

Gastil, J., Democracy in Small Groups: Participation, Decision Making and Communication, New Society, Philadelphia, 1993.

Ghai, D. and J. Vivian (eds.), Grassroots Environmental Action: People's Participation in Sustainable Development, Routledge, London and New York, 1992. # PEC

Gibson, C., The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico 1519-1810, Stanford University Press, Stanford (California), 1964.

Gilmour, D.A. and R.J. Fisher, Villagers and Foresters - The Philosophy, Process and Practice of Community Forestry in Nepal, Sahayogi Press, Kathmandu, 1991. # PAR

Glade, W. and C. Reilly (eds.), Inquiry at the Grassroots, Inter-American Foundation, Arlington (Virginia), 1993. # PAR

Goethert, R. and N. Hamdi, Making Microplans. A Community-based Process in Design and Development, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 1988. # PAR

Grandstaff, T. and A. Messerschmidt, A Manager's Guide to the Use of Rapid Rural Appraisal, FAO/UNDP Farm Program and Suranaree University of Technology, Bangkok, 1995. # PAR

Gueye, B. and K. Schoonmaker Freudenberger, Introduction à la Méthode Accélérée

de Recherche Participative (MARP), Rapid Rural Appraisal, Quelques Notes pour Appuyer une Formation Pratique, IIED Sustainable Agriculture Programme, London, 1991. # PAR

Hamilton, S., Popkin, B. and D. Spicer, Women and Nutrition in Third World Countries, Begin and Garvey, South Hadley (Massachusetts), 1984.

Harris, M., Cannibal and Kings. The Origins of Culture, Random House Inc., New York, 1977.

Harris, M. and E.B. Ross, Death, Sex and Fertility. Population Regulation in Pre-

industrial and Developing Societies, Columbia University Press, New York, 1987.

Harrison, P., The Third Revolution, I.B. Tauris & Co., London, 1992. # P&E

Haupt, A. and T. Kane, The Population Reference Bureau's Population Handbook, International Edition, PRB, Washington DC, 1991.

Hemming, J., Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians, Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts), 1978.

Henry, L., "Some data on natural fertility", Eugenic Quarterly, 8: 81-91, 1961.

Hesperian Foundation News, The Hesperian Foundation, Albany (California).

Heyneman, D., "Presidential Address", Journal of Parasitology, 70: 3, 1984.

Hope, A. and S. Timmel, Training for Transformation: A Handbook for Community Workers, Mambo Press, Harare, 1984. # PAR

Hulse, D.L. and S. Thongmak, in Lewis, C. (ed.), Managing Conflicts in Protected Areas, IUCN, Gland (Switzerland), 1996.

IASCP, The Common Property Resource Digest, Yale University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven (Connecticut).

IIED, Whose Eden? An Overview of Community Approaches to Wildlife Management, IIED, London, 1994. # PEC

ILEIA Newsletter, Centre for Research and Information Exchange in Ecologically Sound Agriculture, Leusden (Netherlands).

Illich, I., Gender, Marion Boyars, New York, 1982.

International Development Program (Clark University), National Environment Program (Government of Kenya), Egerton University and World Resources Institute, Participatory Rural Appraisal Handbook, World Resources Institute, New York, 1992. PAR

IRC, Community Self-Improvement in Water Supply and Sanitation, Training series: 5, IRC, The Hague, 1988. # PEC

IRC, Working with Women and Men on Water and Sanitation: an African Field Guide, IRC, The Hague (Netherlands), 1994. # PEC

IUCN/UNEP/WWF, Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living, IUCN/UNEP/WWF, Gland (Switzerland), 1991.

IUCN, Guidelines for Protected Areas Management Categories, IUCN, Cambridge (UK), 1994.

Jinapala, K., Brewer, J.D. and R. Sakthivadivel, Multi-Level Participatory Planning

for Water Resources Development in Sri Lanka, Gatekeeper Series No. 62, IIED, London, 1996. # PAR

Johnson, V., Hill, J and E. Ivan-Smith, Listening to Smaller Voices: Children in an Environment of Change, Actionaid, Chard (Somerset, UK), 1995.

Kambou, C., Associations Traditionnelles et Modernes de Chasseurs: Forme de Gestion de la Faune et Collaboration avec les Structures Technico-Administratives, IUCN, Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), 1992.

Kane, M., "Women's Rule in Natural Resource Conservation: A Slide Show Competition", in Participatory Upland Conservation and Development (PUCD) Project Bulletin, Special Issue No. 1., Tunis, FAO, 1996. # PEC PAR

Kleymeyer, C.D., "Cultural Traditions and Community-Based Conservation: Is Culture our Greatest Natural Resource?" in Grassroots Development, Vol. 20:1, Inter-American Foundation, Arlington (Virginia), 1996.

King, M., "Health as a sustainable state", The Lancet, 336: 664-7, 1990. # P&E

Klein, S., A Book for Midwives: A Manual for Traditional Birth Attendants and Community Midwives, The Hesperian Foundation, Palo Alto (California), 1995.

Korten, D., "Community organization and rural development: a learning process

approach" in Public Administration Review, pp 480-510, Sept-Oct, 1980.

Kothari, A., Singh, N. and S. Suri (eds.), People and Protected Areas: Towards Participatory Conservation in India, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 1996.

Kropotkin, P., Mutual Aid, Extending Horizons, Boston, 1955 (first edition 1902).

Kubler, G., "The Quechua in the Colonial World" in Steward, J.H. (ed.), Handbook of South American Indians, Vol. 2: The Andean Civilizations, 331-410, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 1946.

Lammerink, M.P. and I. Wolffers (eds.), Some Selected Examples of Participatory Research, Special Programme on Research (DGIS/DST/SO), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague (Netherlands), 1994. # PAR

Lammerink, M.P., Aprendiendo Juntos, Vivencias en Investigación Participativa, Vanguardia, Managua (Nicaragua), 1995. # PAR

Lecomte Bernard, Project Aid - Limits and Alternatives, OECD, Paris, 1986.

Lee, R.B., "What hunters do for a living, or how to make out on scarce resources" in Lee, R. and I. DeVore, Man the Hunter, A First Intensive Survey on a Single Crucial Stage of Human Development, Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago (Illinois), 1968.

Lee Peluso, N., Turner, M. and L. Fortmann, Introducing Community Forestry: Annotated Listing of Topics and Readings, Community Forestry Note 12, Forests, Trees and People Project, FAO, Rome, 1994.

Lewis, C., Managing Conflicts in Protected Areas, IUCN, Gland (Switzerland), 1996.

Lindblade, K., "Program linking population and environment instituted to protect Ugandan forest areas" in Population-Environment Fellows News, Vol. 2, No. 2., August 1994. # P&E

Livi Bacci, M., Introduzione alla Demografia, Loescher Editore, Torino, 1990.

Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation, A View from Airlie: Community Based Conservation in Perspective, Liz Claiborne and Art Ortenberg Foundation, New York, 1993. # PEC

MacCormack, C.P. (ed.), Ethnography of Fertility and Birth, Academic Press, London, 1982.

MacLeod, M.J., Spanish Central America: A Socioeconomic History 1520-1720, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1973.

McCraken, J.A., Pretty J. and J.R. Conway, An Introduction to Rapid Rural Appraisal for Agricultural Development, IIED, London, 1988. # PAR

McElroy, A. and P.K. Townsend, Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective, Westview Press, Boulder (Colorado), 1989.

McKeown, T., The Role of Medicine, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1979.

McNeely, J., "Strategies for Conserving Biodiversity", Environment, Vol. 32, No. 3., 1990.

Mahar, D. J. (ed.), Rapid Population Growth and Human Carrying Capacity, World Bank Staff Working Papers, 690, Population and Development Series, 15, The World Bank, Washington DC, 1985. # P&E

Makombe, K. (ed.), Sharing the Land: Wildlife, People and Development in Africa, IUCN/ROSA, Environmental Issues Series, Harare, 1994.

Mamdani, M., The Myth of Population Control: Family, Caste, and Class in an Indian Village, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1972.

Mezirow, J., Fostering Critical Reflection in Adulthood: A Guide to Transformative and Emancipatory Learning, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1990. # PAR

Minturn, L. and J. Stashak, "Infanticide as a terminal abortion procedure", Behavior Science Research, 17: 70-90, 1982.

Molnar, A., Community Forestry: Rapid Appraisal, Community Forestry Note 3, Forest, Trees and People Project, FAO, Rome, 1989. # PAR

Mortimore, M., Tiffen, M. and F. Gichuki, "Sustainable growth in Machakos" in Ileia Newsletter, 9:4. P&E

Moser, C., Gender Planning and Development, Theory, Practice and Training, Routledge, London, 1993. # PAR

Munasinghe, M. and W. Shearer (eds.), Defining and Measuring Sustainability: the Biogeophysical Foundations, The World Bank, Washington DC, 1995.

Murray, C.J.L. and L.C. Chen, "In search for a contemporary theory for understanding mortality change", Social Science and Medicine, 36, 2: 143-55, 1993.

Myers, M., David, R., Akrat, S. and A.A. Hamid, The Effects of Male Out-migration on Women's Management of Natural Resources in Sudan, Issues Paper 60, IIED, London, 1995.

Narayan, D., Participatory Evaluation: Tools for Managing Change in Water and Sanitation, World Bank technical paper 207, The World Bank, Washington DC, 1993. PAR

Ness, G. with M. Golay, Population and Strategies for National Sustainable Development, Earthscan and IUCN, London, 1996. # P&E

Newell, C., Methods and Models in Demography, Belhaven Press, London, 1988.

Nichols, P., Social Survey Methods: A Fieldguide for Development Workers, Development Guidelines No. 6, Oxfam, Oxford (UK), 1991.

OAA/FAO, Le Diapo-langage. Nouveau Regard sur la Diapositive. La Communication pour le Développement, Etude de Cas, OAA/FAO, Sous-division de la communication au service du développement, Rome, 1989. # PAR

OECD/IUCN, Guidelines for Aid Agencies for Improved Conservation in Sustainable Use of Tropical and Subtropical Wetlands, OECD, Paris, 1996.

Patton, M.Q., How to Use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation. Programme Evaluation Kit, Center for the Study of Evaluation, University of California, Los Angeles, Sage Publications, Newbury Park-London-New Delhi, 1987. # PAR

Pendzich, C., Thomas, G., and T. Wohlgemont, The Role of Alternative Conflict Management in Community Forestry, Forest, Trees and People Programme, Working Paper No. 1, FAO, Rome, 1994.

Pimbert, M., "Training workshop on joint forest management, West Bengal, India", manuscript, WWF, Gland (Switzerland), 1994.

Pimbert, M. and J. Pretty, Parks, People and Professionals: Putting 'Participation' into Protected Area Management, UNRISD, IIED and WWF, Geneva (Switzerland), 1995.

PLA (Participatory Learning and Action) Notes, IIED, London. # PAR

Poffenberger, M., McGean, B., Khare, A. and J. Campbell, Community Forest Economy and Use Patterns: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) Methods in South Gujarat, India, Field Methods Manual, Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development, New Delhi, 1992. # PAR

Poffenberger, M., McGean, B., Ravindranath, N.H, and M. Gadgil (eds.), Diagnostic Tools for Supporting Joint Forest Management Systems, Joint Forest Management Field Methods Manual, Vol. 1, Society for the Promotion of Wastelands Development, New Delhi, 1992. # PAR

Poffenberger, M., Josayma, C., Walpole, P. and K. Lawrence, Transitions in Forest Management: Shifting Community Forestry from Project to Process, Proceedings of the fourth Annual Meeting of the Asia Forest Network, 2-6 April 1995, Oriental Mindoro, The Philippines. Research Network Report, August 1995.

Poole, P., Indigenous Peoples, Mapping and Biodiversity Conservation, Peoples and Forest Program Discussion Paper, Biodiversity Support Program (BSP), World Wildlife Fund, Washington DC, 1995. # PAR

Pradervand, P., Listening to Africa, Praeger, New York, 1989. # PEC

PRB, 1996 World Population Data Sheet, Population Reference Bureau, Washington DC, 1996.

Pye-Smith, C., Borrini-Feyerabend, G. with R. Sandbrook, The Wealth of Communities, Earthscan, London, 1994. # PEC

Ramírez, M. and L. Aguilar, Con Calor de Amigos: Guía de Trabajo, Modulos Audiovisuales de Reflexión sobre la Participación Comunitaria, Fundatec, Costa Rica, 1989. # PAR

Reader, J., Man on Earth, Penguin, London, 1988. # PEC

Renard, Y., Community Participation in St Lucia, Panos Institute and Caribbean Natural Resources Institute, London, 1994. # PAR

Sadik, N. (ed.), Population Policies and Programmes: Lessons Learned from Two Decades of Experience, New York University Press, New York, 1991.

Satterthwaite, D., Hart, R., Levy, C., Mitlin, D., Ross, D., Smit, J. and C. Stephens, The Environment for Children, Earthscan, London, 1996. # PEC

Sauer, C.O., The Early Spanish Man, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1966.

Schoonmaker Freudenberger, K., "The historical matrix - breaking away from

static analysis" in Forest, Trees and People Newsletter, No. 26/27, FAO, FTP Program, Rome. # PAR

Scoones, I. and J. Thompson (eds.), Beyond Farmer First, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 1994.

Scott, P., From Conflict to Collaboration: Mount Elgon Case Study, Issues in Forest Conservation series, IUCN/WWF, Gland (Switzerland), 1996.

Scrimshaw, N.S. and G. Gleason (eds.), Rapid Assessment Procedures: Qualitative Methodologies for Planning and Evaluation of Health Related Programmes, International Nutrition Foundation for Developing Countries, Boston, 1992. # PAR

Scrimshaw, S., "Infanticide as deliberate fertility control", in Bulatao, R. and R. Lee (eds.), Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries, 2: 245-66, Academic Press, New York, 1983.

Scrimshaw, S.C.M. and E. Hurtado, Rapid Assessment Procedures for Nutrition and Primary Health Care: Anthropological Approaches for Improving Programme Effectiveness, United Nations University, Tokyo, 1987. # PAR

Short, R.V., "Breast-feeding", Scientific American, 250, 4: 35-41, 1984.

Simmons, I.G., Changing the Face of the Earth: Culture, Environment, History, Basil Blackwell, Cambridge (Massachusetts), 1989. P&E

Simms Feldstein, H. and J. Jiggins (eds.), Tools for the Field, Kumarian Press, West Hartford and Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 1994. # PAR

Slade, R.H. and J.G. Campbell, Monitoring and Evaluation of Social Forestry in India - an Operational Guide, FAO Forestry Paper 75, FAO, Rome, 1986. # PAR

Slim, H. and P. Thompson, Listening for a Change, Oral Testimony and Development, Panos Publications, London, 1993. # PAR

Slocum, R., Wichhart, L., Rocheleau, D. and B. Thomas-Slayter (eds.), Power, Process and Participation - Tools for Change, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 1995. # PAR

Solinas, P.G., Popolazioni e Sistemi Sociali. Linee di Ricerca in Etnodemografia, La Nuova Italia Scientifica, Rome, 1992.

Sponsel, L.L., in Lewis, C., Managing Conflicts in Protected Areas, IUCN, Gland (Switzerland), 1996.

Spradley, J., Participant Observation, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1980. PAR

Stringer, E.T., Action Research: A Handbook for Practitioners, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks (California), 1996. # PAR

Sungi Development Foundation, Participatory Village Planning, Report of a PRA in Banda Munir Khan, Haripur (1994), Sungi Development Foundation, Haripur (Pakistan), 1994. # PAR

Tchamie, T.K., "Learning from local hostility to protected areas in Togo", Unasylva, 176:45, 1994.

Theis, J. and H.M. Grady, Participatory Rapid Appraisal for Community Development: A Training Manual Based on Experiences in the Middle East and North Africa, IIED and Save the Children, London, 1991. # PAR

Toulmin, C., Cattle, Women and Wells: Managing Household Survival in the Sahel, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992

UNFPA, The State of World Population 1994, United Nations Population Fund, New York, 1994.

UNICEF, The State of the World Children 1992, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992.

UNICEF, The State of the World Children 1996, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996.

United Nations, World Population Prospects 1994, United Nations, New York, 1995.

United Nations, Reproductive Rights and Reproductive Health: A Concise Report, United Nations, New York, 1996.

Uphoff, N. (quoted in Bergdall, 1993), "Debaters' comments on Inquiry into Participation: a research proposal", UNRISD, Geneva, 1980.

USAID, Rapid, Low-Cost Data Collection Methods for A.I.D., USAID, Washington DC, 1987. # PAR

Vaughan, J.P. and R.H. Morrow (eds.), Manual of Epidemiology for District Health Management, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1989. # PAR

Vayda, A.P. (ed.), Environment and Cultural Behavior, The Natural History Press, New York, 1969.

Wade, R., Village Republics: Economic Conditions for Collective Action in South India, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, 1994.

West, P.C. and S.R. Brechin (eds.), Resident Peoples and National Parks: Social Dilemmas and Strategies in International Conservation, University of Arizona Press, Tucson (Arizona), 1991.

Whiteside, M., Diagnóstico (Participativo) Rápido Rural: Manual de Técnicas, Comissão Nacional do Meio Ambiente, Maputo (Mozambique), 1994. # PAR

WHO, Primary Health Care, Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma Ata, USSR, 6-12 September 1978, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1978.

WHO, Development of Indicators for Monitoring Progress Towards Health for All by the Year 2000, "Health for All" Series, No. 4, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1981.

WHO, Our Planet, Our Health, Report of the WHO Commission on Health and Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1992.

Wolf, E.R., Europe and the People Without History, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1982.

Wolfson, M., Community Action for Family Planning, OECD, Paris, 1987.

World Bank, World Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992.

Yaro, Y., "Migrations internes et gestion traditionnelle des terroirs au Burkina",

manuscript prepared at the request of the IUCN Social Policy Group, Gland (Switzerland), 1995.

Zumbrunnen, O., El Diapolenguaje: Un Instrumento de Comunicación Participativa Destinado a los Extensionistas de Campo, Primera parte: Gu'a Metodológica; Segunda parte: Estudio de Caso, FAO, Honduras, 1994. # PAR