Section 1: Involving the people

1.1 Involving the people
1.2 Key questions
1.3 Indicators of participation
1.4 Options for action

2.1 Addressing local needs in conservation
2.2 Key questions
2.3 Indicators of local needs being addressed
2.4 Options for action

3.1 Managing a sustainable initiative
3.2 Key questions
3.3 Indicators of sustainable internal management
3.4 Options for action

Section 5: Participatory tools and processes

5.1 Social Communication
5.1.1 Community and public meetings
5.1.2 Audio-visual presentations
5.1.3 Picture stories (flip charts and flannel boards)
5.1.4 Street or village theatre
5.1.5 Radio programmes

5.2.1 Natural group interviews
5.2.2 Focus group interviews
5.2.3 Semi-structured interviews with key informants
5.2.4 Photo appraisal and slide language
5.2.5 Observational walks and transect diagrams
5.2.6 Trend analysis
5.2.7 Land-use mapping
5.2.8 Historical mapping
5.2.9 Seasonal calendars
5.2.10 Gender analysis

5.3.1 Group brainstorming
5.3.2 Guided imagery
5.3.3 Problem and solution mapping
5.3.4 Nominal group technique
5.3.5 Ranking exercises

5.4.1 A process for negotiation/mediation

5.5.1 Stakeholder accounts
5.5.2 Community involvement to plan the evaluation
5.5.3 Community-based environmental assessment
5.5.4 SWOL analysis

6.1 Inventory of actual/potential stakeholders
6.2 Stakeholder analysis
6.3 Information campaign
6.4 Public relations service
6.5 Environmental discussion sessions

Building on the capacities of stakeholders and developing long-term relationships among them and the conservation initiative

6.6 Promoting internal discussion within each
stakeholder group
6.7 Helping stakeholders organize
6.8 Meetings and workshops to build bridges among stakeholders
6.9 Visits to similar initiatives
6.10 Strengthening local institutions for resource management
6.11 Conservation Councils
6.12 Institution for conflict management
6.13 Training and incentives for staff
6.14 Promoting an effective legal basis for participation

Involving the stakeholders in the management of the conservation initiative

6.15 Assisting local communities to develop their own conservation initatives
6.16 Participatory appraisal and planning
6.17 Collaborative management agreement
6.18 Collaborative management institution
6.19 Devolving the initiative to local institutions
6.20 Participatory monitoring and evaluation

Understanding local management systems, local claims, needs and potential conservation impacts

6.21 Review of indigenous/customary systems
6.22 Participatory review of customary claims
6.23 Review of national policies and laws
6.24 Assessment of local uses of natural resources
6.25 Social impact assessment (SIA)

Planning to integrate conservation and the meeting of local needs

6.26 Open meetings among stakeholders
6.27 Special events and 'ideas fairs'
6.28 Visits to successful initiatives
6.29 Building upon local knowledge and skills
6.30 Participatory planning to integrate local needs
6.31 Zoning to separate incompatible land uses

Generating benefits for local stakeholders

6.32 Primary environmental care (PEC) projects
6.33 Jobs for local people
6.34 Local distribution of revenues
6.35 Compensation and substitution programmes

Enhancing the sustainability of benefits to stakeholders

6.36 Financial feasibility studies
6.37 Linking benefits with efforts in conservation
6.38 Supportive links with relevant services
6.39 Monitoring land tenure and land values
6.40 Incentives to conservation accountability
6.41 Biodiversity monitoring and surveillance by local people
6.42 Integrating initiatives with local empowerment

Improving internal relationships among staff and building upon their commitment and capacities

6.43 Staff review of internal management issues
6.44 Regular staff meetings
6.45 On-the-job capacity building
6.46 Decentralizing decision-making
6.47 Reviewing the initiative for timing and flexibility

Improving relationships among staff and local stakeholders

6.48 Hiring staff from the local area
6.49 Staff visits to the field operations
6.50 Cultural presentations for the staff of the initiative
6.51 Integrating local culture and traditions

Sustaining the relationship between the conservation initiative and local stakeholders

6.52 Extraordinary staff and stakeholder meetings
6.53 Ongoing communication programme
6.54 Monitoring change in local communities
6.55 Networking with local leaders and opinion-makers

General references (Volume 1)

References and further readings on participatory tools and processes (Section 5: Volume 2)

References for field examples (Section 6: Volume 2)

Contributors